Skip to main content

Avian Influenza

Updated 10 March 2025

Avian Influeza

Information about the hazard of avian influenza

  • What is avian influenza?

    Avian influenza (also called ‘bird flu’) is a viral disease that primarily affects poultry and wild fowl. Domestic chickens and turkeys are very susceptible to the disease, which is fatal in most infected birds. However, aquatic fowl (ducks, etc.,) may have greater resistance to the disease. These aquatic fowl may therefore act as a reservoir for the disease, perpetuating transmission of the virus to other birds.
     
    While it is primarily a bird disease, these viruses have a tendency to mutate and may occasionally spread to other animals and to humans. 
    Influenza infections in birds are divided in two groups on the basis of their pathogenicity:

    • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): spreads rapidly causing serious disease with high mortality (up to 100 % within 48 hours)
    • Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI): causing generally a mild disease, may easily go undetected

    The two pathogenicity groups result in very different forms of disease, and should not be confused.

  • Does the virus affect humans?

    Some types of avian influenza can pass to people, but this is very rare. It usually requires very close contact between the person and infected birds.

    Almost all cases in humans to date have been linked to close contact to diseased household flocks, often during slaughtering, de-feathering, butchering, and preparation of poultry for consumption. 

  • Is it safe to eat poultry?

    Yes. To date, no epidemiological data suggest that the disease can be transmitted to humans through properly cooked food (even if contaminated with the virus prior to cooking). Human cases are linked to close contact with infected poultry, and exposure to the virus during the slaughter and preparation of infected birds.

    Avian Influenza occasionally occurs in Irish poultry, within a worldwide seasonal risk period from approximately October to April. In Ireland, it is dealt with as an exotic (non-endemic) animal disease in accordance with EU animal health law. In particular, in order to manage the risk of spread to other flocks, outbreaks in farmed or captive birds result in culling of effected flocks and restrictions on movements of birds and their products from zones around known effected flocks. Considered along with the high severity of illness in infected birds, these measures ensure the likelihood of food production either eggs or meat from infected flocks is very low. Poultry and poultry products can be prepared and eaten as usual, provided that they are handled hygienically while raw, and cooked thoroughly prior to consumption.
     
    Normal cooking temperatures of 75 °C and over will inactivate the virus, and therefore consumption of properly cooked poultry meat carries no risk of infection. Poultry should be cooked thoroughly, so that it reaches at least 75 °C in all parts, ensuring that it is piping hot all the way through, with no pink meat left and until the juices run clear.

    Normal hygienic practices regarding handling of raw poultry meat should be observed. Hands, utensils and surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned following contact with raw poultry products; and there should be adequate separation of raw food from cooked or ready-to-eat foods.

    There have been reports of a few human cases potentially linked to consumption of raw poultry ingredients (e.g. raw blood-based dishes). It should therefore be emphasised that consumption of any raw poultry ingredients must be considered a high-risk practice and discouraged. This message is important not only for avian influenza, but also for preventing a range of other diseases transmitted through raw or undercooked poultry.

  • Are eggs safe to eat?

    Yes. As the occasional outbreaks of Avian influenza during the risk period bring significant clinical illness in the birds, and result in measures such as culling and restriction zones for animals and products, there is a low likelihood of Irish produced eggs being contaminated with the virus. Consumers, caterers and food manufacturers should use and consume eggs as normal, following good hygiene practices. Use soap and hot water to wash hands after handling raw eggs and to clean surfaces and utensils that have come into contact with raw eggs. The World Health Organization advises that in avian infected areas' eggs should be cooked until both the yolks and whites are solid.

    As with poultry meat, there is no evidence that the avian influenza virus is transmitted to humans by consuming properly cooked poultry or eggs. For people, the risk arises from having close contact with birds that have the disease, not from the consumption of poultry or eggs.

  • Is poultry meat from affected countries safe?

    Measures to prevent and control avian influenza are coordinated at EU level. EU import bans have been placed on potentially risky poultry products and susceptible imports from third countries with HPAI outbreaks.

    Poultry imported into Ireland is therefore free of the avian influenza virus and may be used and consumed as normal ensuring that it is handled hygienically while raw, and cooked thoroughly prior to consumption. The virus is sensitive to heat. Normal temperatures used for cooking (so that food reaches 75 °C in all parts) will kill the virus.

    To date, there is no epidemiological evidence that avian influenza can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of cooked food, notably poultry meat and eggs. Whilst it is unlikely that the avian influenza virus could be passed on to humans by raw meat or eggs, cooking food properly (so that food reaches 75 °C in all parts) would inactivate the virus and eliminate potential risk.

  • If poultry and poultry products from affected countries are safe, why are import restrictions in place?

    Import restrictions of raw poultry products from affected areas are commonly adopted to prevent the potential spread of the virus to domestic poultry flocks. The prohibition on live poultry and their products from affected countries is a control measure designed to protect our animal health status. As an island, Ireland enjoys freedom from many animal diseases which are present in other countries, including avian influenza in poultry. It is in the interests of the health and welfare of our animals, and the marketability of our food products to maintain freedom from this disease  in poultry. Sporadic cases of bird flu found in wild birds doesn’t affect the status of freedom from the disease in poultry in our country.

  • What is the situation with free-range and organic poultry and eggs?

    Poultry flock owners and keepers are advised  to remain vigilant to the threat of influenza and implement strict biosecurity measures to protect their flocks, at all times.

    If needed free-range and organic poultry flocks can be housed to protect them against avian influenza, and there are EU Regulations that lay down detailed rules regarding marketing standards for eggs and poultrymeat. These Regulations set down minimum requirements that must be met in order to use the term “Free Range”, including rules around access to the range. 

    Free-range eggs may continue to be marketed as “Free Range” for the duration of a compulsory restriction     imposed to protect public and animal health. 

    In the case of meat from free-range poultry, the Marketing Standards regulations permit it to be marketed as ‘Free range’ if the birds are restricted from open-air runs for less than 12 weeks.    

    EU Regulations allow for organic poultry and eggs to be marketed as ‘organic’ while under temporary indoors confinement imposed to protect public and animal health, if steps are taken to facilitate their natural behaviours and all other provisions for organic production are met in full. 

    For updates on this situation visit DAFM's website.(link opens in new window).

  • What are the recommended good hygienic practices that I should follow?

    Normal good hygienic practices are recommended to reduce exposure to the virus and to reduce spread through food:

    • Wash hands after handling raw poultry or eggs using soap and hot water
    • Clean utensils and surfaces that have been in contact with raw poultry or eggs using soap and hot water
    • Separate raw poultry or eggs from foods that will not be cooked fully before eating to avoid cross-contamination:
      • Use separate cutting boards, knives and utensils for ready-to-eat food and raw poultry and eggs (unless they are thoroughly cleaned between uses, with soap and hot water)
      • Store raw poultry in sealed containers on the bottom shelf of the fridge to prevent juices dripping onto ready-to-eat food

  • Is there specific legislation to deal with the threat of avian influenza in Ireland?

    That legislation is primarily designed to protect animal health, It includes prohibitions on importing food from areas with avian influenza, and it sets out the restrictions which need to be put in place if avian influenza is detected in farmed poultry. Ireland implements national legislation depending on animal health risk, to e.g. increase biosecurity on farm or edge require birds to be kept indoors. 

  • What would happen if there is a suspected case of avian influenza in a poultry flock in Ireland?

    The Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine has a detailed contingency plan in place which sets out the actions to be taken in the event of avian influenza being suspected or indeed confirmed in an Irish poultry flock. The plan includes as wide range of specific measures to mitigate the risk of the disease spreading to other flocks and to protect the health of personnel working with the affected flock(s). This plan would be implemented in full in the event of avian influenza being suspected and/or confirmed in Ireland.

    You can find more information on this on DAFM’s website.

  • How can avian influenza be controlled in the poultry population?

    Movement of live birds and their products is prohibited from infected areas. All domestic poultry in the infected areas are killed and their carcasses destroyed. Specific biosecurity measures are implemented by poultry producers in the event of outbreaks in the wild bird population.

  • What should I do if I come across a dead bird?

    Birds die from many different causes and it is highly unlikely that the dead bird died as a result of avian influenza. However, members of the public are asked to report wild birds that have been found dead, particularly birds that are included on the high risk list to the DAFM Avian Influenza hotline 01 6072512 (or 01 4928026 outside of normal office hours) or to the local Regional Veterinary Office (contact details are available on DAFM's website)

  • Who is responsible for controlling avian influenza in Ireland?

    The Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine is responsible for controlling avian influenza in birds and mammals other than humans. Further information is available on the DAFM website.

    The Health Protection Surveillance Centre has published a guidance document on public health actions in the event of an avian influenza outbreak in animals in Ireland. Guidance on the investigation and management of suspected human cases of avian influenza is also available.

  • What is the threat from avian influenza in cows?

    In early 2024 avian influenza virus was found in cows in USA. In cows it infects the mammary gland (udder) differing from the respiratory disease of birds.   The initial cases were infected by birds but subsequently the disease passed from cow to cow and occasionally to other mammals and in a few cases to people who were working very closely with infected cows. 

    The specific variant of the avian influenza virus that affected cows has not been found outside of USA, so it is not currently found in Ireland. 

    Although the virus can be found in raw mild from affected cows in USA, it has been shown that pasteurisation is killing it. Dairy products and pasteurised milk are safe to consume. . Unpasteurised dairy products are not imported from USA to Ireland. 
     

  • Further Information